OIANs of all the muscles

Authors

Affiliations

Nathaniel Yomogida, B.S., SPT

Doctor of Physical Therapy

B.S. in Kinesiology

Chloë Kerstein, B.S., SPT

Doctor of Physical Therapy

B.A. in Neuroscience

Back

Suboccipitals

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Table 1: Suboccipital Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliquus capitis superior
Rectus capitis posterior major				UNIL: I/L head rotation
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor	C1 (posterior tubercle)	Occipital bone (inferior nuchal line, inner 1/3)	Suboccipital N.	BIL: Extend head UNIL: I/L head rotation

Prevertebral Muscles

Table 2: Prevertebral Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Longus capitis
Longus colli cervicis
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis

Superficial intrinsic back Muscles

Table 3: Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Serratus posterior inferior
Serratus posterior superior
Splenius capitis	Nuchal lig. C7-T4 SP	Lateral third of nuchal line Mastoid process	Spinal nn. Posterior rami (lateral br.) C1 - C6	Bilateral: Head and neck extension Unilateral: I/L sidebend, I/L rotation
Splenius cervicis	T3-T7 SP	C1-C4 SP	Spinal nn. Posterior rami (lateral br.) C1 - C6	Bilateral: Head and neck extension Unilateral: I/L sidebend, I/L rotation

Intermediate intrinsic back muscles (Erector Spinae)

Iliocostalis

Longissimus

Spinalis

Table 4: Intermediate intrinsic back muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Iliocostalis thoracis
Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Spinalis thoracis

Transversospinalis Muscles

Table 5: Transversospinalis muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Deep Segmental Back Muscles

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Table 6: Transversospinalis muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Anterior Intertransversarii cervicis
Interspinales cervicis
Interspinales lumbora
Lateral intertransversarii lumbora
Levatores cosatrum breves
Levatores costarum longi
Medial intertransversarii cervicis
Medial intertransversarii lumbora
Posterior intertransversarii cervicis

Thorax

Abdominal Wall

Table 7: Abdominal Wall Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Iliacus	Iliac Fossa	Lesser Trochanter	Femoral n. L2 - L3	Hip: Flexion, ER L/S (UNIL contraction on fixed femur): I/L spine sidebend L/S (BIL contraction): Raises trunk from supine position

Psoas Major	T12-L4 and associated IV discs L1-L5 TP	Lesser Trochanter	Lumbar Plexus Direct Br. L1 - L3	Hip: Flexion, ER L/S (unilateral contraction with femur fixed): I/L spine sidebend L/S (bilateral contraction): Raises trunk from supine position
Psoas Minor	T12, L1 vertebrae (lateral aspect) and IVD	Pectineal Line Iliopubic ramus Iliac fascia Inguinal ligament	Spinal nn. L1 - L3	Trunk: Weak flexion

Pelvis & Perineum

Pelvic Floor

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Table 8: Pelvic Floor Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Iliococcygeus
Obturator Internus	Obturator membrane and its bony boundaries	Medial surface of Greater Trochanter	Nerve to Obturator internus L5 - S1	Hip: ER, Extension, Abduction, Stabilization
Piriformis	Anterior Sacrum	Apex of the Greater Trochanter	Sacral Plexus Direct Br. S1 - S2	Hip: ER, Abduction, Extension, Stabilization
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

Perineum

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Warning: No 'path' link found for variable 'nan' in YAML data.
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Table 9: Perineum Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Bulbospongiosus
Deep transverse perineal
External anal sphincter
External urethral sphincter
Ischiocavernosus
Superficial transverse perineal

Head and Neck

Muscles of Facial Expression

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve	Action
Calvaria
Occipitofrontalis (Frontal belly)	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/occipitofrontalis.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/occipitofrontalis.html#insertion	?var:ref-occipitofrontalis.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/occipitofrontalis.html#action
Palpebral Fissure and Nose
Procerus	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/procerus.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/procerus.html#insertion	?var:ref-procerus.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/procerus.html#action
Orbicularis Oculi	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/orbicularis_oculi.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/orbicularis_oculi.html#insertion	?var:ref-orbicularis-oculi.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/orbicularis_oculi.html#action
Nasalis	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/nasalis.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/nasalis.html#insertion	?var:ref-nasalis.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/nasalis.html#action
Levator Labii superioris alaeque nasi	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi.html#insertion	?var:ref-levator-labii-superioris-alaeque-nasi.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi.html#action
Ear
Anterior Auricular Muscle	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/anterior_auricular_muscle.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/anterior_auricular_muscle.html#insertion	?var:ref-anterior-auricular-muscle.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Facial Expression/anterior_auricular_muscle.html#action

Muscles of Mastication

Muscles of Mastication OIAN
Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve	Action
Masseter muscle	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/masseter.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/masseter.html#insertion	?var:ref-masseter.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/masseter.html#action
Temporalis muscle	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/temporalis_muscle.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/temporalis_muscle.html#insertion	?var:ref-temporalis.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/temporalis_muscle.html#action
Lateral Pterygoid	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/lateral_pterygoid.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/lateral_pterygoid.html#insertion	?var:ref-lateral-pterygoid.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/lateral_pterygoid.html#action
Medial Pterygoid	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/medial_pterygoid.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/medial_pterygoid.html#insertion	?var:ref-medial-pterygoid.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Head and Neck/Muscles of Mastication/medial_pterygoid.html#action

Muscles of the Neck

Superficial Neck Muscles

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Table 10: Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid	Manubrium Medial third of Clavicle	Mastoid process Superior nuchal line	CN XI Accessory n. Cervical plexus C1 - C4	Unilateral: I/L cervical sidebend, C/L cervical rotation Bilateral: Head extension, Cervical Flexion, Assists in respiration, Prevents posterior translation during mastication SCJ stabilization
Upper trapezius	Occiput SP C1-C7	lateral 1/3 of Clavicle	Accessory n. (CN XI) C3 - C4	Scapula: Elevation, Upward rotatino Neck: I/L sidebend, C/L Rotation

Nuchal muscles (Intrinsic back muscles)

Table 11: Superficial Intrinsic back muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Serratus posterior inferior
Serratus posterior superior
Splenius capitis	Nuchal lig. C7-T4 SP	Lateral third of nuchal line Mastoid process	Spinal nn. Posterior rami (lateral br.) C1 - C6	Bilateral: Head and neck extension Unilateral: I/L sidebend, I/L rotation
Splenius cervicis	T3-T7 SP	C1-C4 SP	Spinal nn. Posterior rami (lateral br.) C1 - C6	Bilateral: Head and neck extension Unilateral: I/L sidebend, I/L rotation

Table 12: Intermediate Intrinsic back muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Iliocostalis thoracis
Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Spinalis thoracis

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Table 13: Deep Intrinsic back muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Anterior Intertransversarii cervicis
Interspinales cervicis
Interspinales lumbora
Lateral intertransversarii lumbora
Levatores cosatrum breves
Levatores costarum longi
Medial intertransversarii cervicis
Medial intertransversarii lumbora
Multifidus
Posterior intertransversarii cervicis
Rotatores breves
Rotatores longi
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis thoracis

Thoracoappendicular

Anterior Axioappendicular

Table 14: Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Pectoralis major	Clavicle (medial half) Sternum Costal cartilages 1-6 Rectus sheath (anterior layer)	Humerus (crest of greater tubercle)	Lateral pectoral n. Medial pectoral n. C5 - T1	Entire muscle: Adduction, IR Clavicular & Sternocostal parts: Flexion, Aids in respiration when shoulder is fixed
Pectoralis minor	3-5 ribs	Coracoid process	Medial pectoral n. C8 - T1	Scapula: Depression, Downward rotation Respiration: Assists in respiration
Serratus anterior	1-9 Ribs	Superior angle of Scapula (costal and dorsal surfaces) Medial border of scapula (costal surface) Medial border of scapula (costal surface) Inferior angle of Scapula (costal & dorsal surfaces)	Long thoracic n. C5 - C7	Superior part: Lowers raised arm Entire mm.: Protraction, Rib elevation (with fixed shoulder) Inferior part: Rotates scapula laterally forward
Subclavius	1st rib	Clavicle (inferior surface)	N. to subclavius C5 - C6	SCJ: Clavicular stabilization

Posterior Axioappendicular

Superficial

Deep

Table 15: Superficial Posterior Axioappendicular muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Latissimus dorsi
Lower trapezius	T5-T12 SP	Scapular spine	Accessory n. (CN XI) C3 - C4	Scapula: Retraction, Depression, Upward rotation, Stabilizes scapula on thorax
Middle trapezius	Aponeurosis of T1-T4 SP	Acromion	Accessory n. (CN XI) C3 - C4	Scapula: Retraction
Upper trapezius	Occiput SP C1-C7	lateral 1/3 of Clavicle	Accessory n. (CN XI) C3 - C4	Scapula: Elevation, Upward rotatino Neck: I/L sidebend, C/L Rotation

Table 16: Deep Posterior Axioappendicular muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic shoulder)

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Table 17: Scapulohumeral muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Anterior deltoid
Lateral deltoid
Posterior deltoid

Supraspinatus	Supraspinous Fossa of scapula	Greater tubercle of Humerus	Suprascapular n. (C4, C5, C6) C4 - C6	GHJ: ER Stabilization
Teres major

Arm

Anterior Arm

Table 18: Anterior arm muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Biceps brachii Long head	Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Adjacent rim of Glenoid Labrum	Radial tuberosity Bicipital aponeurosis	Musculocutaneous n.	Hip: action Knee: action
Biceps brachii Short head
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process	Humerus (in line with crest of lesser tubercle)	Musculocutaneous n. C5 - C7	GHJ: Flexion, Adduction, IR

Posterior Arm

Table 19: Posterior arm muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action


Triceps brachii Long head

Forearm

Anterior Forearm

Table 20: Anterior forearm muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Posterior Forearm

Table 21: Posterior forearm muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Hand

Thenar Muscles

Table 22: Thenar muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Adductor Compartment

Adductor Pollicis

Table 23: Adductor Compartment of the Hand

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Hypothenar

Table 24: Hypothenar muscles of the Hand

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Short Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve	Action
Lumbricals (Hand)	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/lumbrical_muscles_hand.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/lumbrical_muscles_hand.html#insertion	?var:ref-lumbricals-hand.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/lumbrical_muscles_hand.html#action
Dorsal Interossei	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/dorsal_interossei_hand.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/dorsal_interossei_hand.html#insertion	?var:ref-dorsal-interossei-hand.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/dorsal_interossei_hand.html#action
Palmar Interossei (Hand)	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/palmar_interossei_hand.html#origin	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/palmar_interossei_hand.html#insertion	?var:ref-palmar-interossei-hand.nerve	/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/Upper Limb Muscles/Hand Muscles/palmar_interossei_hand.html#action

Table 25: Short muscles of the Hand

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action

Hip & Thigh

Iliopsoas

Table 26: Iliopsoas Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Iliacus	Iliac Fossa	Lesser Trochanter	Femoral n. L2 - L3	Hip: Flexion, ER L/S (UNIL contraction on fixed femur): I/L spine sidebend L/S (BIL contraction): Raises trunk from supine position
Psoas Major	T12-L4 and associated IV discs L1-L5 TP	Lesser Trochanter	Lumbar Plexus Direct Br. L1 - L3	Hip: Flexion, ER L/S (unilateral contraction with femur fixed): I/L spine sidebend L/S (bilateral contraction): Raises trunk from supine position
Psoas Minor	T12, L1 vertebrae (lateral aspect) and IVD	Pectineal Line Iliopubic ramus Iliac fascia Inguinal ligament	Spinal nn. L1 - L3	Trunk: Weak flexion

Gluteal

Table 27: Gluteal muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Gluteus Maximus	Sacrum (dorsal surface, lateral part) Ilium (gluteal surface, posterior part) Thoracolumbar fascia sacrotuberous lig.	IT Band Gluteal tuberosity	Inferior gluteal n. L5 - S2	Entire mm.: Extension, ER Upper fibers: Abduction Lower fibers: Adduction
Gluteus medius	Ilium	Greater trochanter (lateral surface)	Superior gluteal n. L4 - S1	Entire mm.: Abduction, Frontal stabilization Anterior fibers: Flexion, IR Posterior fibers: Extension, ER
Gluteus Minimus	Ilium gluteal surface (inferior to gluteus medius origin)	Greater trochanter (anterolateral surface)	Superior gluteal n. L4 - S1	Entire mm.: Abduction, Frontal stabilization Anterior fibers: Flexion, IR Posterior fibers: Extension, ER
Inferior Gemellus	Ischial tuberosity	Medial surface of greater trochanter via obturator internus tendon	Nerve to Quadratus femoris L5 - S1	Hip: ER, Extension, Abduction
Obturator Internus	Obturator membrane and its bony boundaries	Medial surface of Greater Trochanter	Nerve to Obturator internus L5 - S1	Hip: ER, Extension, Abduction, Stabilization
Piriformis	Anterior Sacrum	Apex of the Greater Trochanter	Sacral Plexus Direct Br. S1 - S2	Hip: ER, Abduction, Extension, Stabilization
Quadratus femoris	Lateral border of Ischial tuberosity	Intertrochanteric crest	Nerve to Quadratus femoris L5 - S1	Hip: ER
Superior gemellus	Ischial spine	Medial surface of greater trochanter via obturator internus tendon	Nerve to Obturator internus L5 - S1	Hip: ER, Extension, Abduction
Tensor Fascia Latae	ASIS	IT Band	Superior gluteal n. L4 - S1	Tenses fascia latae Hip: Abduction, Flexion, IR

Medial Thigh

Table 28: Medial thigh muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Adductor brevis	Inferior pubic ramus	Linea aspera	Obturator n. L2 - L3	Hip: Adduction, Flexion, Extension Pelvis: Frontal stabilization, Sagittal stabilization
Adductor Longus	Superior pubis ramus Anterior side of Pubic Symphysis	Linea aspera	Obturator n. L2 - L4	Hip: Adduction, Flexion, Extension Pelvis: Frontal plane stabilization, Sagittal plane stabilization
Adductor Magnus	Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Ischial tuberosity	Medial lip of Linea aspera Adductor tubercle	Obturator n. Tibial n. L2 - L4	Hip: Adduction, Flexion, Extension, IR Pelvis: Frontal stabilization, Sagittal stabilization
Gracilis	Inferior pubic ramus	Pes anserine	Obturator n. L2 - L3	Hip: Adduction, Flexion Knee: Flexion, IR
Obturator externus	Outer surface of Obturator membrane Adjacent bony boundaries	Trochanteric Fossa	Obturator n. L3 - L4	Hip: Adduction, ER Pelvis: Sagittal Stabilization
Pectineus	Pecten pubis	Pectineal line Proximal linea aspera	Femoral n. Obturator n. L2 - L3	Hip: ER, Adduction, slight Flexion Pelvis: Frontal plane stabilization, Sagittal plane stabilization

Anterior Thigh

Table 29: Anterior thigh muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Articular genus	Anterior Femoral shaft	Suprapatellar recess of knee joint capsule	Femoral n. L2 - L4	Knee: Extension Knee Jt. Capsule: Retraction of the suprapatellar bursa to prevent entrapment
Rectus femoris	AIIS Acetabular roof	Tibial tuberosity via Patellar ligament	Femoral n. L2 - L4	Hip: Flexion Knee: Extension
Sartorius	ASIS	Pes anserine	Femoral n. L2 - L3	Hip: Flexion, ER, Abduction Knee: Flexion, IR
Vastus intermedius	Anterior Femoral shaft	Tibial tuberosity via Patellar ligament	Femoral n. L2 - L4	Knee: Extension
Vastus lateralis	Lateral lip of Linea aspera Lateral surface of Greater trochanter	Tibial tuberosity via Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity and patella via Patellar retinacula	Femoral n. L2 - L4	Knee: Extension
Vastus medialis	Linea aspera Intertrochanteric line	Tibial tuberosity via Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity and patella via Patellar retinacula	Femoral n. L2 - L4	Knee: Extension

Posterior Thigh

Table 30: Posterior thigh muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Biceps femoris long head	Ischial tuberosity Sacrotuberous lig. (Common head with semitendinosus)	Fibular head	Tibial n. L5 - S2	Hip: Extension Knee: Flexion, ER Pelvis: Sagittal stabilization
Biceps femoris short head	Lateral lip of Linea aspera	Fibular head	Common Fibular n. L5 - S2	Knee: Flexion, ER
Semimembranosus	Ischial tuberosity	Medial tibial condyle Oblique popliteal lig. Popliteus fascia	Tibial n. L5 - S2	Hip: Extension Knee: Flexion, IR Pelvis: Sagittal stabilization
Semitendinosus	Ischial tuberosity Sacrotuberous lig. (common head with biceps femoris long head)	Pes anserine	Tibial n. L5 - S2	Hip: Extension Knee: Flexion, IR Pelvis: Sagittal stabilization

Knee & Lower Leg

Anterior Compartment

Table 31: Anterior lower leg muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Extensor digitorum longus	Lateral condyle of Tibia Fibular head and medial surface IO membrane	Dorsal aponeurosis of 2-5th distal phalanges	Deep Fibular n. L4 - L5	TCJ: DF STJ: INV or EV (position dependent) 2nd-5th Toe: MTP Extension, PIP Extension, DIP Extension
Extensor Hallucis Longus	Fibula (middle 1/3 of medial surface) IO membrane	Dorsal aponeurosis of 1st distal phalanx	Deep Fibular n. L4 - L5	TCJ: DF STJ: Inversion 1st Toe: MTP Extension, IP Extension
Fibularis tertius	Anterior border of Distal Fibula	Shaft or Base of 5th MT	Deep Fibular n. L4 - L5	TCJ: DF STJ: Eversion
Tibialis Anterior	Tibia (Upper 2/3 of lateral surface) IO membrane Superficial crural fascia	Medial cuneiform (Medial & plantar surface) 1st Metatarsal (medial base)	Deep Fibular n. L4 - L5	TCJ: DF STJ: Inversion

Lateral Compartment

Table 32: Lateral lower leg muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Fibularis brevis	Middle lateral surface of Fibula	Base of 5th MT	Superficial Fibular n. L5 - S1	TCJ: PF STJ: Eversion
Fibularis longus	Proximal lateral surface of Fibula	Medial cuneiform Base of 1st MT	Superficial Fibular n. L5 - S1	TCJ: PF STJ: Eversion Arch: Transverse arch support

Posterior Compartment

Table 33: Posterior lower leg muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Flexor digitorum longus	Middle 1/3 of posterior surface of Tibia	Bases of 2-5 Distal Phalanges	Tibial n. L5 - S2	TCJ: PF STJ: Inversion 2nd-5th Toe: MTP Flexion, PIP Flexion, DIP Flexion
Flexor hallucis longus	Posterior distal 2/3 of Fibula IO membrane	Base of 1st Distal Phalanx	Tibial n. L5 - S2	TCJ: PF STJ: Inversion 1st Toe: MTP Flexion, IP Flexion
Gastrocnemius	Superior-posterior aspect of Medial Femoral Condyle Lateral surface of Lateral Femoral Condyle	Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles' Tendon	Tibial n. S1 - S2	TCJ: PF Knee: Flexion
Plantaris	Lateral epicondyle of Femur	Calcaneal tuberosity	Tibial n. S1 - S2	Knee: negligble Flexion TCJ: PF Proprioception: Organ of proprioception for the plantarflexors
Popliteus	Lateral Femoral Condyle Posterior horn of Lateral Meniscus	Posterior surface of Tibia	Tibial n. L4 - S1	Knee: Flexion, Unlocks the knee via femoral ER
Soleus	Posterior Fibula Posterior Tibia	Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles' Tendon	Tibial n. S1 - S2	TCJ: PF Lower leg: Stabilization
Tibialis posterior	IO membrane Adjacent Tibia Adjacent Fibula	Cuneiforms 2-4 MT bases	Tibial n. L4 - L5	Knee: negligble Flexion TCJ: PF Arch support: Transverse arch, Longitudinal arch

Foot

Dorsum of the Foot

Table 34: Dorsum muscles of the Foot

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Extensor digitorum brevis	Calcaneus (lateral dorsal)	Bases of middle phalanx 2-4	Deep Fibular n. L5 - S1	2nd-4th Toe: MTP Extension, PIP Extension
Extensor hallucis brevis	Calcaneus (lateral dorsal)	1st Proximal phalanx	Deep Fibular n. L5 - S1	1st Toe: MTP Extension

Superficial Intrinsic Plantar Foot muscles

Table 35: Superficial Plantar Foot Intrinsic muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Abductor hallucis	Medial calcaneal tuberosity Plantar aponeurosis Flexor retinaculum	Medial aspect of 1st Proximal phalanx	Medial Plantar n. S1 - S2	1st Toe: MTP Flexion, MTP Abduction Arch support: Longitudinal arch support
Abductor digiti minimi	Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity Cuboid Lateral cuneiforms 3-5th MTP joints Deep transverse metatarsal lig.	Base of 5th proximal phalanx Base of 1st proximal phalanx (via common tendon)	Lateral Plantar n. Lateral Plantar n. (Deep branch) S1 - S3	5th Toe: MTP Flexion 1st MTP: Flexion, Adduction Arch Support: Transverse head supports transverse arch, Oblique head supports longitudinal arch
Flexor digitorum brevis	Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity Plantar aponeurosis	Sides of middle phalanx 2-5	Medial Plantar n. S1 - S2	2nd-5th Toe: MTP Flexion, PIP Flexion Arch support: Longitudinal arch support

Deep Intrinsic plantar foot muscles

Table 36: Deep Plantar Foot Intrinsic muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation	Action
Abductor digiti minimi	Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity Cuboid Lateral cuneiforms 3-5th MTP joints Deep transverse metatarsal lig.	Base of 5th proximal phalanx Base of 1st proximal phalanx (via common tendon)	Lateral Plantar n. Lateral Plantar n. (Deep branch) S1 - S3	5th Toe: MTP Flexion 1st MTP: Flexion, Adduction Arch Support: Transverse head supports transverse arch, Oblique head supports longitudinal arch
Dorsal interossei (4 muscles)	1-5 metatarsals (two heads on opposing sides)	Medial aspect of 2nd proximal phalanx base Lateral aspect of 2nd-4th proximal phalanx bases 2-4 Toes at Dorsal aponeurosis	Lateral plantar n. S2 - S3	2nd-4th Toes: MTP Flexion, MTP 3-4 abduction, PIP Extension, DIP Extension
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)	Base of 5th Metatarsal Long plantar lig.	Base of 5th proximal phalanx	Lateral Plantar n. (superficial branch) S2 - S3	5th MTP Flexion
Flexor hallucis brevis	Cuboid Lateral cuneiforms Plantar calcaneocuboid lig.	Medial Sesamoid bone Lateral Sesamoid bone	Lateral Plantar n. Medial Plantar n. S1 - S2	MTP Flexion Supports Longitudinal Arch
Lumbricals (Foot)	FDL tendons (medial borders)	2-5th toes at dorsal aponeurosis	Medial Plantar n. Lateral Plantar n. S2 - S3	2nd-5th Toes: MTP Flexion, PIP Extension, DIP Extension
Opponens digiti minimi	Long plantar lig. Fibularis longus plantar tendon sheath	5th metatarsal	Lateral Plantar n. (superficial branch) S2 - S3	Pulls 5th metatarsal in plantar and medial direction
Plantar interossei (3 muscles)	Medial border of 3rd-5th metatarsals	Medial aspect of 3rd-5th proximal phalanx	Lateral plantar n. S2 - S3	3rd-5th Toes: MTP Flexion, MTP Adduction, PIP Extension, DIP Extension
Quadratus plantae	Calcaneal tuberosity (medial and plantar borders)	Tendons of FDL (lateral borders)	Lateral Plantar n. S1 - S3	Redirects and augments pull of the FDL

Citation

For attribution, please cite this work as:

Yomogida N, Kerstein C. OIANs of all the muscles. https://yomokerst.com/The Archive/Anatomy/Skeletal Muscles/OIAN.html